Working As A Juvenile Supervision Officer For The Fort...

Working as a Juvenile Supervision Officer for the Fort Bend County Juvenile Probation Department, I come in contact with a lot of juvenile offenders. What I have notice during my tenure is that the majority of the juveniles I see are minorities, African- American, Hispanic and Asian young men and women. According to The Sentencing Project, â€Å"In 2010, African Americans comprised 17 percent of all juveniles, but 31 percent of all arrests.† Do juveniles of color commit crimes and come in contact with authorities more often than white juveniles? Understanding why people of color experience a higher rate of contact with law enforcement is an issue that plagues communities and crosses over from juvenile to adult, I will focus on juvenile. The people that children come in contact with on a daily basis play a very important role in their lives. It develops relationship, trust and bonds, this includes police officers. When a juveniles of color come in contact with a law enforcement officer early in life they are more likely to develop negative feelings towards them because the interactions are usually negative. As pointed out in Wade C. Jacobsen’s Minority Youth and Police Contact, â€Å"One example of police contact is New York City’s Stop-and-Frisk program. It has been practiced by the New York Police Department for decades†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦but the practice has nonetheless been met with heated debate and complaints of racial profiling. Indeed, a recent report by the New York Civil Liberties Union

Pop Art - All American Style - 2541 Words

POP Art - All American Style The amount of money and time we waste in this country is always under scrutiny. Ron English takes this controversy to new heights. His art screams modern pop culture. He will boldly display what most people are thinking. His billboards are filled with controversy and that is just the way he likes it. He makes no excuses for what he represents. English says that he is only speaking the truth and dispute is something he never shies away from. He attacks our everyday bombardment of capitalism through advertisements. He takes the original and changes it into his pop art. In his essay, Ways of Seeing, John Berger maintains that â€Å"History always constitutes the relation between a present and its past. Consequently†¦show more content†¦Explicit and daring are two words that come to mind when describing English. He is often compared to the late Andy Warhol who was the propaganda icon of the 1960s and 1970s. According to the Oxford reference online, â€Å"Warhol’s second exhibition was a sensational success and Warhol soon became the most famous figure in American Pop art. He adopted the screen-print process, which allowed unlimited replication. His practice was very different from the fine art limited edition screen-print as produced in the period by artist such as Paolozzi and Kitaj† (3). I thought this was a thought-provoking quotation because of the one word, replication. Like English, Warhol wanted his art to seen by all. He wanted to be able to reproduce at a faster rate than painting freehand. Reproduction can be a double-edged sword. It takes away from the awe of standing in front of what the artist touched, maybe just hours beforehand. This is an incredible feeling. I have seen great works of art in person and there is nothing quite as inspiring in seeing King Tut’s exhibition rather than looking at it in the National Geographic. When I see the same thing in a magazine or book, I am reminded of how much greater the experience was to behold it in person. Reproduction does however link the world together byShow MoreRelatedAndrew Warhola was born in 1928, in Pittsburg, Pennsylvania. He majored in pictorial design at the1100 Words   |  5 PagesWarhol was an American artist who was known as a leading figure in the visual art movement in pop art. He explored the relationships between artistic expressions, commercial advertisement, and celebrity culture in the 1960s and beyond. His views on American culture ad unique artistic expressions of the style of art had a gre at impact on American society by brining society’s obsession with mass culture and expanding mass media in America. Andy Warhol, the founding father of the pop arts’, created aRead MoreReverie by Roy Lichtenstein1262 Words   |  6 PagesLichtenstein Roy Lichtenstein was an American artist who was an influential part of the Pop Art movement in the 1960s. Roy Lichtenstein was born in New York in 1923 and he has created some of the most well-known Pop Art paintings and artworks. An example of his artwork is â€Å"Reverie†, it is a screen print by Roy Lichtenstein in 1965 in his iconic comic strip art style. â€Å"Reverie† by Roy Lichtenstein shows social commentary of mass production through the art movement it’s in, the technique used, theRead MorePop Art Form A Critique Of Post Wwii Society And Culture Essay1693 Words   |  7 PagesDoes Pop Art form a critique of post-WWII society and culture or is it a celebration of high capitalism and consumption? Pop Art emerged in Britain in the late 50’s and the United States in the early 60’s.(Mamiya 1992) Pop Art is generally known today as a representation of celebrating popular culture and consumerism, however it’s background and origins are far more broad and extensive. There are many factors and influences that lead to the creation of the Pop Art movement such as adjusting toRead More How did pop art challenge beleifs in consumerism Essay1361 Words   |  6 PagesHow did pop art challenge beleifs in consumerism Introduction: In order to discuss pop art I have chosen to examine the work and to some extent lives of Roy Lichtenstein and Andy Warhol who were two of the main forces behind the American movement. I intend to reflect the attitudes of the public and artists in America at this time, while examining the growing popularity of pop art from its rocky, abstract expressionist start in the 1950s through the height of consumer culture in the 60s andRead MoreThe, Sitting Bull, By Andy Warhol Essay1397 Words   |  6 Pagesoutlined in yellow, white and blue. As for most of Warhol’s Pop style pieces, the photo was redesigned by the artist to be printed in vivid colors and showcases a lightly colored outline of his body and shape, giving the original photo a modern touch. The artist’s work was printed using the silkscreen printing process on a 36 inch by 36 inch Lenox Museum Board paper (Sitting Bull 376, 2016). Sitting Bull is great representation of the artist’s style. Andy Warhol was a very successful illustrator and designerRead MorePop Art Movement Essay1127 Words   |  5 PagesThe Pop Art Movement was one of the biggest visual art movements of the 20th century. Therefore it is extremely significant. Pop Art is simply an abbreviation for popular art work. Numerous artists such as such as Andy Warhol, Roy Lichtenstein, James Rosenquist and Claes Oldenburg started this phenomenal movement form the 1950’s and onwards. It came at a time after a two decade period where abstract art was extremely popular. Pop Art is the movement in art when artists began to create art with theRead MorePop Art And The Pop Culture1616 Words   |  7 PagesDuring its time, pop art really exposed American culture. The pop art movement gained its prominence in the United States during the 1960’s. The pop art movement came after the abstract expressionist movement and first emerged in Great Britain during the late 1950’s but blew up in the United States. Like I alr eady stated, I believe that in our society our overall beliefs and values are reflected through various aspects of our everyday lives. I believe that pop art and the pop art movement is a greatRead MoreARTS 125 Week 5 Assignment Art And Culture Paper858 Words   |  4 Pagesï » ¿ Art and Culture Liliana Gonzalez ART/125 May 11, 2015 Joseph Blomer University of Phoenix Abstract Art has evolved in ways only one can imagine, however; their imagination does not have to go far because all one has to do is turn on the computer and connect to the World Wide Web to get information on everything. Architecture, sculpture, and painting has been around for ages, then photography made its way on to the art scene in the 1820’s and has taken leaps and bounds to establishRead MoreAttention Getter : The American Culture1387 Words   |  6 PagesAttention Getter: The American culture is so engulfed into consumerism that we take every day items and objects for granted we don t necessarily realize the impact and importance to have on our life and how we live vicariously through them. Today I m going to talk about one man that took these concepts into his artistic ability and thereby created a whole new culture in what we see is art today. This man who is considered one of the fathers of pop art goes by the name of Andy Warhol. or When weRead MoreThe Rise Of Pop Art1657 Words   |  7 Pageswere filled with all kinds of consumer goods . The economy was good and people were happy. Capitalizing on the post-war economic boom of the 1950s were advertisers. Advertising persuaded many, it told people what was popular, what was good, and what to buy. Advertising and glossy magazines were found everywhere, in the street, the highway, and even at the comfort of your own house as you opened the newspaper. This mass marketing phenomenon was incorporated with the rise of Pop Art. It paved the way

Deception Point Page 35 Free Essays

The tourists laughed. Gabrielle followed past the stairway through a series of ropes and barricades into a more private section of the building. Here they entered a room Gabrielle had only seen in books and on television. We will write a custom essay sample on Deception Point Page 35 or any similar topic only for you Order Now Her breath grew short. My God, this is the Map Room! No tour ever came in here. The room’s paneled walls could swing outward to reveal layer upon layer of world maps. This was the place where Roosevelt had charted the course of World War II. Unsettlingly, it was also the room from which Clinton had admitted his affair with Monica Lewinsky. Gabrielle pushed that particular thought from her mind. Most important, the Map Room was a passageway into the West Wing-the area inside the White House where the true powerbrokers worked. This was the last place Gabrielle Ashe had expected to be going. She had imagined her e-mail was coming from some enterprising young intern or secretary working in one of the complex’s more mundane offices. Apparently not. I’m going into the West Wing†¦ The Secret Serviceman marched her to the very end of a carpeted hallway and stopped at an unmarked door. He knocked. Gabrielle’s heart was pounding. â€Å"It’s open,† someone called from inside. The man opened the door and motioned for Gabrielle to enter. Gabrielle stepped in. The shades were down, and the room was dim. She could see the faint outline of a person sitting at a desk in the darkness. â€Å"Ms. Ashe?† The voice came from behind a cloud of cigarette smoke. â€Å"Welcome.† As Gabrielle’s eyes accustomed to the dark, she began to make out an unsettlingly familiar face, and her muscles went taut with surprise. THIS is who has been sending me e-mail? â€Å"Thank you for coming,† Marjorie Tench said, her voice cold. â€Å"Ms†¦. Tench?† Gabrielle stammered, suddenly unable to breathe. â€Å"Call me Marjorie.† The hideous woman stood up, blowing smoke out of her nose like a dragon. â€Å"You and I are about to become best friends.† 41 Norah Mangor stood at the extraction shaft beside Tolland, Rachel, and Corky and stared into the pitch-black meteorite hole. â€Å"Mike,† she said, â€Å"you’re cute, but you’re insane. There’s no bioluminescence here.† Tolland now wished he’d thought to take some video; while Corky had gone to find Norah and Ming, the bioluminescence had begun fading rapidly. Within a couple of minutes, all the twinkling had simply stopped. Tolland threw another piece of ice into the water, but nothing happened. No green splash. â€Å"Where did they go?† Corky asked. Tolland had a fairly good idea. Bioluminescence-one of nature’s most ingenious defense mechanisms-was a natural response for plankton in distress. A plankton sensing it was about to be consumed by larger organisms would begin flashing in hopes of attracting much larger predators that would scare off the original attackers. In this case, the plankton, having entered the shaft through a crack, suddenly found themselves in a primarily freshwater environment and bioluminesced in panic as the freshwater slowly killed them. â€Å"I think they died.† â€Å"They were murdered,† Norah scoffed. â€Å"The Easter Bunny swam in and ate them.† Corky glared at her. â€Å"I saw the luminescence too, Norah.† â€Å"Was it before or after you took LSD?† â€Å"Why would we lie about this?† Corky demanded. â€Å"Men lie.† â€Å"Yeah, about sleeping with other women, but never about bioluminescent plankton.† Tolland sighed. â€Å"Norah, certainly you’re aware that plankton do live in the oceans beneath the ice.† â€Å"Mike,† she replied with a glare, â€Å"please don’t tell me my business. For the record, there are over two hundred species of diatoms that thrive under Arctic ice shelves. Fourteen species of autotrophic nannoflagellates, twenty heterotrophic flagellates, forty heterotrophic dinoflagellates, and several metazoans, including polychaetes, amphipods, copepods, euphausids, and fish. Any questions?† Tolland frowned. â€Å"Clearly you know more about Arctic fauna than I do, and you agree there’s plenty of life underneath us. So why are you so skeptical that we saw bioluminescent plankton?† â€Å"Because, Mike, this shaft is sealed. It’s a closed, freshwater environment. No ocean plankton could possibly get in here!† â€Å"I tasted salt in the water,† Tolland insisted. â€Å"Very faint, but present. Saltwater is getting in here somehow.† â€Å"Right,† Norah said skeptically. â€Å"You tasted salt. You licked the sleeve of an old sweaty parka, and now you’ve decided that the PODS density scans and fifteen separate core samples are inaccurate.† Tolland held out the wet sleeve of his parka as proof. â€Å"Mike, I’m not licking your damn jacket.† She looked into the hole. â€Å"Might I ask why droves of alleged plankton decided to swim into this alleged crack?† â€Å"Heat?† Tolland ventured. â€Å"A lot of sea creatures are attracted by heat. When we extracted the meteorite, we heated it. The plankton may have been drawn instinctively toward the temporarily warmer environment in the shaft.† Corky nodded. â€Å"Sounds logical.† â€Å"Logical?† Norah rolled her eyes. â€Å"You know, for a prize-winning physicist and a world-famous oceanographer, you’re a couple of pretty dense specimens. Has it occurred to you that even if there is a crack-which I can assure you there is not-it is physically impossible for any sea-water to be flowing into this shaft.† She stared at both of them with pathetic disdain. â€Å"But, Norah†¦,† Corky began. â€Å"Gentlemen! We’re standing above sea level here.† She stamped her foot on the ice. â€Å"Hello? This ice sheet rises a hundred feet above the sea. You might recall the big cliff at the end of this shelf? We’re higher than the ocean. If there were a fissure into this shaft, the water would be flowing out of this shaft, not into it. It’s called gravity.† Tolland and Corky looked at each other. â€Å"Shit,† Corky said. â€Å"I didn’t think of that.† Norah pointed into the water-filled shaft. â€Å"You may also have noticed that the water level isn’t changing?† Tolland felt like an idiot. Norah was absolutely right. If there had been a crack, the water would be flowing out, not in. Tolland stood in silence a long moment, wondering what to do next. â€Å"Okay.† Tolland sighed. â€Å"Apparently, the fissure theory makes no sense. But we saw bioluminescence in the water. The only conclusion is that this is not a closed environment after all. I realize much of your icedating data is built on the premise that the glacier is a solid block, but-â€Å" â€Å"Premise?† Norah was obviously getting agitated. â€Å"Remember, this was not just my data, Mike. NASA made the same findings. We all confirmed this glacier is solid. No cracks.† Tolland glanced across the dome toward the crowd gathered around the press conference area. â€Å"Whatever is going on, I think, in good faith, we need to inform the administrator and-â€Å" â€Å"This is bullshit!† Norah hissed. â€Å"I’m telling you this glacial matrix is pristine. I’m not about to have my core data questioned by a salt lick and some absurd hallucinations.† She stormed over to a nearby supply area and began collecting some tools. â€Å"I’ll take a proper water sample, and show you this water contains no saltwater plankton-living or dead!† Rachel and the others looked on as Norah used a sterile pipette on a string to harvest a water sample from the melt pool. Norah placed several drops in a tiny device that resembled a miniature telescope. Then she peered through the oculus, pointing the device toward the light emanating from the other side of the dome. Within seconds she was cursing. How to cite Deception Point Page 35, Essay examples

Pathogenesis of Brian’s colorectal cancer †Free Solution

Questions: 1. Describe the pathogenesis of Brians colorectal cancer from the initial cellular mutation to the diagnosis of stage IIA colorectal cancer? 2. Describe two (2) modifiable and three (3) non-modifiable risk factors for colorectal cancer and explain how these risk factors may have contributed to the development of Brians colorectal cancer? 3. Describe the action and mechanism of action of metronidazole (Flagyl) in relation to its administration to Brian. b) Describe the action and mechanism of action of Morphine in relation to its administration to Brian? 4. Discuss the nursing responsibilities with associated rationales in relation to administering Morphine to Brian? Answers: 1. Describe the pathogenesis of Brians colorectal cancer from the initial cellular mutation to the diagnosis of stage IIA colorectal cancer? The colorectal cancer originates from the epithelial cells that lines the colon or rectum. They are the outcome of mutations in the Wnt signaling pathway that causes an increase in the signaling activity. The mutation are inherited or acquired and occurs in intestinal crypt stem cells. The mutated gene is APC gene producing the APC proteins and preventing accumulation of -catenin. In absence of APC the -catenin gets accumulated in high levels and translocates in the nucleus and binding to DNA thereby activating transcription of proto oncogenes (Searke, David, 2006). The other mutations that arises are from p53 protein that comes from TP53 gene that analyses cell division and kills the cells with Wnt pathway defect. Thus a cell line causes a mutation in TP53 gene, transforming a benign epithelial tumor in to epithelial cell cancer. The other proteins that are responsible for cell death are deactivated in the colorectal cancer are TGF- and DCC. The former has a deactivating mutation in almost half the colorectal cancer cases. Sometimes instead of this the SMAD is deactivated. DCC contains a deletion segment in the chromosome in such cases (Xie Itzkowitz,(2008). The genes that are oncogenes are overexpressed in the colorectal cancer (Shaib, Mahajan El-Rayes, 2013). It includes the genes encoding protein like PI3K, RAF, KRAS. It stimulate cell division cell division along with the growth factors and acquire up the mutation that results in overactive of cell proliferation. Sometimes the chronological sequence also matters like if in past a APC mutation has occurred than KRAS mutation will lead to a colorectal cancer than to a self limiting hyperplastic lesion. PTEN is a kind of tumor repressor that inhibits PI3K and sometime which become mutated and deactivate (Stein, Atanackovic Bokemeyer, 2011). 2. Describe two (2) modifiable and three (3) non-modifiable risk factors for colorectal cancer and explain how these risk factors may have contributed to the development of Brians colorectal cancer? The modifiable risk factors for the colorectal cancer are as follows: Lifestyle management: less or no physical activity increases the chances of colorectal cancer. Smoking or high alcohol intake also has significant effects on the disease (Robsahm, Aagnes , Hjartker , Langseth, Bray and Larsen, 2013). Diet: The diet that has high red meat like of beef, pork, lamb, liver and the processed meat of hot doge, luncheon meats also increases the risk of the colorectal cancer. Cooking the meat at very high heat or temperature by frying, grilling or boiling produces chemicals that increments the risk of colorectal cancer. The diet that high in fat also have an adverse effect. The diet low in vegetable, green leafy, fruits also gives a negative effect. The non-modifiable risk factors are as follows: Age: The young generation can have colorectal cancer but the prevalence increase after fifty years. Approximately 9 out of 10 individual have colorectal cancer have attained the age of 50. Family history: If somebody has past history of adenomatous polyps or colorectal cancer the prevalence also increases, but most of the cases does not have a family history (Yin, Grandi, Raum, Haug, Arndt Brenner, 2011). People having a history of colorectal cancer in 1 or more first degree relative are at high risk. The risk is twice if the first degree relative has an history. Inherited syndromes: Approximately 10% who have inherited gene defects can have family cancer syndrome and may face death. These syndromes are linked to the polyps. The common type of syndromes that are inherited and are capable of causing colorectal cancer are familial adenomatous polyposis, hereditary non-polyposis colorectal cancer, Peutz-Jeghers syndrome, Turcot syndrome and MUTYH-associated polyposis. 3. Describe the action and mechanism of action of metronidazole (Flagyl) in relation to its administration to Brian. b) Describe the action and mechanism of action of Morphine in relation to its administration to Brian? Metronidazole is a amoebicidal, bactericidal and trichomoncidal. It is reduced by low redox potential electron transfer proteins to polar product which does not have the nitro group (Brayfield, 2014). The reductional products are to be responsible for the cytotoxic and antimicrobial effect of metronidazole which causes the DNA to disrupt and inhibits the synthesis of nucleic acid (Rossi, 2013). Morphine bind to the opioid receptor. The molecular signaling activate the receptors to carry out the action. There are three kinds of receptors (Franklin, 2014). First is Mu receptor that causes pain decrement, sedation, constipation and physical dependency. Second is kappa receptor. It also has the same effect as mu receptor (Okie, 2010). Third is delta receptor. It has analegesic and antidepressant effect and also causes respiratory depression (Mercadante Arcuri, 2005). 4. Discuss the nursing responsibilities with associated rationales in relation to administering Morphine to Brian. The nursing responsibilities and the rationales for administrating Morphine are as follows: Assessment of the patient incision. Assessing the patient respiratory vitals. Monitoring the heart rate of the patient. Clarifying the amount of does with the physician The rate and the depth of respiration and pulse oximetry. Rationale: Before the administration of an opioid analgesic like morphine the nurse should completely assess the respiratory status of the individual as these drugs can cause respiratory depression (White et al, 2006). It is not compulsory to clarify the dose amount as morphine 4mg IV is already in the appropriate amount. It is also not necessary to monitor up the heart rate of the individual. References Brayfield, A, ed. (14 January 2014). "Metronidazole". Martindale: The Complete Drug Reference. Pharmaceutical Press. Retrieved 3 April 2014. Franklin, G. M. (29 September 2014). "Opioids for chronic noncancer pain: A position paper of the American Academy of Neurology". Neurology 83 (14): 12771284 Okie S (November 2010). "A flood of opioids, a rising tide of deaths". N. Engl. J. Med. 363 (21): 19815. Mercadante S, Arcuri E (2005). "Hyperalgesia and opioid switching". Am J Hosp Palliat Care 22 (4): 2914. Robsahm TE, Aagnes B, Hjartker A, Langseth H, Bray FI, Larsen IK (November 2013). "Body mass index, physical activity, and colorectal cancer by anatomical subsites: A systematic review and meta-analysis of cohort studies.". Eur. J. Cancer Prev. 22 (6): 492505 Rossi, S, ed. (2013). Australian Medicines Handbook (2013 ed.). Adelaide: The Australian Medicines Handbook Unit Trust. Searke, David (2006). Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention (3 ed.). Oxford University Press. p. 809. Shaib, W; Mahajan, R; El-Rayes, B (2013). "Markers of resistance to anti-EGFR therapy in colorectal cancer". Journal of gastrointestinal oncology 4 (3): 30818. Stein A, Atanackovic, D, Bokemeyer, C (Sep 2011). "Current standards and new trends in the primary treatment of colorectal cancer". European journal of cancer (Oxford, England : 1990). 47 Suppl 3: S3124. White M, Shah N, Lindley K, Lloyd-Thomas A and Thomas M (2006) Pain management in fulminating ulcerative colitis. Pediatric Anaesthesia 16: 1148 - 1152. Xie J, Itzkowitz, SH (2008). "Cancer in inflammatory bowel disease". World journal of gastroenterology : WJG 14 (3): 37889. Yin L, Grandi, N, Raum, E, Haug, U, Arndt, V, Brenner, H (Jul 2011). "Meta-analysis: Serum vitamin D and colorectal adenoma risk". Preventive medicine 53 (12): 106

Alexander the Prophet essays

Alexander the Prophet essays When Alexander the Prophet introduced Glycon the snake to the Abonoteichans, it displayed how the masses of antiquity were eager to worship some sort of God. Moreover, it really illustrated how easy it was to invent a god and watch the masses scurry to worship it. The people throughout the Roman world were so superstitious, ignorant and gullible that even a skeptic with convincing arguments and evidence had no practical effect on the credulous believers. Alexander was indeed an intelligent and resourceful man and that was part of the reason he was so successful at his cons. The other reason for his success was due to the sheer ignorance of the masses and he used both of these factors to his advantage. He understood, according to Lucians story, that hope and fear tyrannize every mans life and that anyone able to make use of either for his own good could become rich overnight. Alexander was so very good at working people in his favor, aside from swindling them for money, of course. Even when his prophesies went awry, he was quickly able to recover. He would prepare ex post facto oracles to help out the bad predictions, such as the one he gave Severianus about his march into Armenia. This was a rich and notable person, Severianus, and he trusted Glycon with his and his soldiers lives, much to his detriment. His oracles were not only listened to and believed by the commoners. There was a very large patronage of emperors and pr ovincial governors as well. Even Rutilianus, the governor of Moesia and Asia, was a devout follower, and married Alexanders daughter. Rutilianus also came to Alexanders defense when his own son had died after he asked Glycon where he should receive his education. Rutilianus simply came up with a possible positive interpretation of what the oracle may have meant. Alexanders god was so popular that people rushed all the way from Rome to consul ...

Marketing Essays

Marketing Essays Marketing Essay Marketing Essay EXPLORATORY RESEARCH Exploratory research is conducted to clarify ambiguous problems. Management may have discovered general problems, but research is needed to gain better understanding of the dimensions of the problems. Exploratory studies provide information to use in analyzing a situation, but uncovering conclusive evidence to determine a particular course of action is not the purpose of exploratory research. Usually, exploratory research is conducted with the expectation that subsequent research will be required to provide conclusive evidence, It is a serious mistake to rush into detailed surveys before less expensive and more readily available sources of information have been exhausted. In an organisation considering a program to help employees with childcare needs, for example, exploratory research with a small number of employees who have children might determine that many of them have spouses who also work and that these employees have positive reactions to the possibility of an on-site child-care program. In such a case exploratory research helps to crystallize a problem and identify information needs for future research. EXPLORATORY RESEARCH METHODS The quickest and the cheapest way to formulate a hypothesis in exploratory research is by using any of the four methods: Literature search Experience survey Focus group Analysis of selected cases Literature Search This refers to referring to a literature to develop a new hypothesis. The literature referred are trade journals, professional journals, market research finding publications, statistical publications etc Example: Suppose a problem is Why are sales down? This can quickly be analyzed with the help of published data which should indicate whether the problem is an industry problem or a firm problem. Three possibilities exist to formulate the hypothesis. 1. The companys market share has declined but industrys figures are normal. 2. The industry is declining and hence the companys market share is also declining. 3. The industrys share is going up but the companys share is declining. If we accept the situation that our companys sales are down despite the market showing an upward trend, then we need to analyse the marketing mix variables. Example 1: A TV manufacturing company feels that its market share is declining whereas the overall television industry is doing very well. Example 2: Due to a trade embargo imposed by a country, textiles exports are down and hence sales of a company making garment for exports is on the decline. The above information may be used to pinpoint the reason for declining sales. Experience Survey In experience surveys, it is desirable to talk to persons who are well informed in the area being investigated. These people may be company executives or persons outside the organisation. Here, no questionnaire is required. The approach adopted in an experience survey should be highly unstructured, so that the respondent can give divergent views. Since the idea of using experience survey is to undertake problem formulation, and not conclusion, probability sample need not be used. Those who cannot speak freely should be excluded from the sample. Example 1: 1) A group of housewives may be approached for their choice for a ready to cook product. .2) A publisher might want to find out the reason for poor circulation of newspaper introduced recently. He might meet (a) Newspaper sellers (b) Public reading room (c) General public (d) Business community; etc. These are experienced persons whose knowledge researcher can use. Focus Group Another widely used technique in exploratory research is the focus group. In a focus group, a small number of individuals are brought together to study and talk about some topic of interest. The discussion is co-ordinated by a moderator. The group usually is of 8-12 persons. While selecting these persons, care has to be taken to see that they should have a common background and have similar experiences in buying. This is required because here should not be a conflict among the group members on the common issues that are being discussed. During the discussion, future buying attitudes, present buying opinion etc. , are gathered. Most of the companies conducting the focus groups, first screen the candidates to determine who will compose the particular group. Firms also take care to avoid groups, in which some of the participants have their friends and relatives, because this leads to a biased discussion. Normally, a number of such groups are constituted and the final conclusion of various groups are taken for formulating the hypothesis. Therefore, a key factor in focus group is to have similar groups. Normally there are 4-5 groups. Some of them may even have 6-8 groups. The guiding criteria is to see whether the latter groups are generating additional ideas or repeating the same with respect to the subject under study. When this shows a diminishing return from the group, the discussions stopped. The typical focus group lasts for 1-30 hours to 2 hours. The moderator under the focus group has a key role. His job is to guide the group to proceed in the right direction. Analysis of selected cases Analysing a selected case sometimes gives an insight into the problem which is being researched. Case histories of companies which have undergone a similar situation may be available. These case studies are well suited to carry out exploratory research. However, the result of investigation of case histories arc always considered suggestive, rather than conclusive. In case of preference to ready to eat food, many case histories may be available in the form of previous studies made by competitors. We must carefully examine the already published case studies with regard to other variables such as price, advertisement, changes in the taste, etc. DESCRIPTIVE RESEARCH Descriptive research is used to obtain information concerning the current status of the phenomena to describe what exists with respect to variables or conditions in a situation. The methods involved range from the survey which describes the status quo, the correlation study which investigates the relationship between variables, to developmental studies which seek to determine changes over time. Descriptive Research Methods Case Studies Detailed analysis of a single (or limited number) of people or events. Case studies are usually interesting because of the unusualness of the case . The major problem with case studies is the problem of objectivity. The person who is presenting the case usually has some theoretical orientation. It is acceptable for a theoretical orientation to affect one’s interpretation of events. In a case study the theoretical orientation can also lead to the selection of the facts to include in the case. It is not surprising that case studies often seem to provide very compelling evidence for a theory. Case studies can therefore assist psychology by illustrating how a theory could be applied to a person or events and by assisting with the development of hypotheses for more systematic testing. Observational Research Accounts of the natural behavior of individuals or groups in some setting. Unless the observation is unobtrusive, there may be some subject reactivity to being observed. This often decreases with time, a process called habituation. Observers cannot usually observe all behaviors all of the time. They may use a behavioral checklist and may also use time sampling or event sampling procedures. It is important to assess observer bias by the use of interobserver reliability. Observational research may also pose ethical problems. These can arise when the behaviors being observed are not public behaviors and when the observer joins a group in order to observe the members’ behavior – participant observation. Survey Research Structured questions to assess peoples beliefs, attitudes, and self-reports of behavior. If the researcher wishes to generalize the responses to a population, it is important to have a representative sample. Surveys that rely on self-selection (respond if you are interested) produce non-generalizable results. Surveys also provide information for co relational research. One can correlate responses to some questions (often demographic questions) with responses to other questions (often attitudes or reports of behavior). Survey question must be clear and unambiguous. Even if the questions are unambiguous and non-leading, people may display a social desirability bias and give positive or socially acceptable and desirable answers. Survey methods include: (1) the interview or face-to-face method which is generally viewed as the best method for obtaining a high rate of responses but is also very costly; (2) phone surveys, which are less expensive but have a higher non-response rate (which has probably increased with caller ID); and (3) written or mail surveys, which are least expensive but have a very high non-response rate. Follow-up messages can help increase the response rate. Archival Research Analysis of pre-existing data or records. Archival research often involves content analysis, a qualitative analysis of material. For example, one would use content analysis to determine whether there had been an increase in the frequency with which women and minorities were mentioned in US history books between 1920 and 2000. Some archival research is quasi-experimental. EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH Science revolves around experiments, and learning the best way of conducting an experiment is crucial to obtaining useful and valid results. When scientists speak of experiments, in the strictest sense of the word, they mean a true experiment, where the scientist controls all of the factors and conditions. Real world observations, and case studies, should be referred to as observational research, rather than experiments. For example, observing animals in the wild is not a true experiment, because it does not isolate and manipulate an independent variable. With an experiment, the researcher is trying to learn something new about the world, an explanation of ‘why’ something happens. The experiment must maintain internal and external validity, or the results will be useless. THE BASIS OF CONDUCTING AN EXPERIMENT With an experiment, the researcher is trying to learn something new about the world, an explanation of ‘why’ something happens. The experiment must maintain internal and external validity, or the results will be useless. When designing an experiment, a researcher must follow all of the steps of the scientific method, from making sure that the hypothesis is valid and testable, to using controls and statistical tests. Whilst all scientists use reasoning, operationalization and the steps of the scientific process, it is not always a conscious process. Experience and practice mean that many scientists follow an instinctive process of conducting an experiment, the ‘streamlined’ scientific process. Following the basic steps will usually generate valid results, but where experiments are complex and expensive, it is always advisable to follow the rigorous scientific protocols. [pic]

Analysis of Strategic Planning Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Analysis of Strategic Planning - Essay Example He explained that the success of the company depends on the strategy they chose such as cost leadership, differentiation, and focus; and a firm, for its smooth running must choose one of the strategies and work on it. Cost Leadership The cost leadership strategy helps the firm to remain as a low-cost producer in the industry. To achieve the maximum result, this strategy must be utilized on a standardized product by trying to make maximum use of the cost sources. When there is a price war, or when the industry matures, a firm with cost leadership can remain profitable for a longer period than the competing firms. Differentiation Strategy Differentiation strategy means uniqueness within the industry, having specific dimensions that buyers are ready to value and willing to pay a price premium. Even if there is an increase in the price of the product, the producer still gets the profitability, because the product has the unique attributes and the consumers are not able to find a substitu te product easily. Focus strategy This strategy tries to achieve either cost advantage or differentiation advantage, concentrating on a narrow segment. The focus strategy focuses entirely on the needs of the group, and so enjoys greater customer loyalty. The following part of the paper will discuss how some prominent retail firms have been implementing the above-said strategies in their business operation. Tesco, a world-famous retailer firm, refers to generic strategies as a tool to determine the characteristics of retailers’ response to industry structure. Big concerns like Tesco can obtain the reasonable cutthroat benefit by following any one of the three generic strategies of Porter. By utilizing the first strategy of cost leadership, Tesco can try to have the lowest production cost in the whole industry and can offer their products and service to the market at the lowest cost. The cost leadership strategy shows the ability of the firms to control their operating costs so well that they can price their products competitively. Having a greater degree of competitive advantage, they are able to generate high profit margins. If differentiation strategy is to be established, Tesco has to offer products and services which has the unique feature that is not offered by any other firm. If so, the firm gets a brand loyalty and inelasticity of price. Between these two strategies, Tesco chooses to follow the cost leadership strategy. To select between the strategies, the management had made use of the last porter’s focus strategy. For the implementation of the strategy, they introduced different tactics, such as focusing on the internal efficiencies which helped Tesco to resist the outer force from the other firms. On the way to control their cost of production, they had regular communication with the suppliers, government, and the regulatory authorities. They made a policy to supply the specific products to the broad market. These helped them in attaini ng a high position and profitability.  

Preparing to Conduct Business Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Preparing to Conduct Business - Essay Example ductivity as the cost of laying-off the tenured employees, as well as coping for the remaining or new managers in the newly-built structure of the company. Possible research questions for the scenario are: 1) Should the functions for each job description be adjusted to suit the new organizational structure? 2) How many tenured employees must be retained in order to keep the company working smoothly as before, and at the same time within the new structure’s limits? And 3) Would the gap between costs and profits after restructuring increase or decrease, as compared to the old structure, and by how much? Possible hypotheses, which can be either a null hypothesis (no difference between X and Y) or alternative hypothesis (X is better than Y, or vice versa) for the given scenario can be deduced using the example research questions stated above: 1) Ho: The old job descriptions can still be used for the new structure of the company. Ha: Job descriptions must be updated to suit the new organizational structure. 2) Ho: No need to hire more than 3% of the original employees since this is enough to both train the new hires and keep the organization going. Ha: Hiring at least 50% of the original employees would be enough to train the new hires and keep the organization sailing. 3) Ho: The gap between cost and profits would be the same as in the old structure. Ha: Gap between cost and profit can either be: cost is greater than profits, or profits are greater than cost. While business restructuring is a strategy usually undertaken by many companies to cut costs, there are many things to be considered before undertaking such a task (Zilka 13). In order to be able to maximize profits as well as the cuts in costs, the business must have a solid program as its foundation. There must be sufficient data, analytics as well as benchmarking in order to gauge the new program’s effectiveness (14). This would ensure that the new organizational structure would be able to save more and

Harvard case study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Harvard - Case Study Example The Beijing EAP Inc. is a company that provided EAPs to many customers. The nature of its operations required the employees to have strong academic backgrounds that qualified them to operate in this multinational service company. Being the largest market holder in the Mainland China, the Company had a huge customer base that categorized it as a big corporation. Amongst some customers of BEC were IBM, Siemens, Samsung, Lenovo, Guadong Mobile, and the China Development Bank. Consequently, the Company had many projects that prompted the management to subdivide the projects to different segment managers2. In this case, for instance, Mr. Yang represents a training department manager having a communicational breakdown with Ms. Song, a project manager, based on the confusion of the roles each one was to perform. In some cases, the tension escalated to a point where the employees did not know who to approach concerning the progress of projects. Both being project managers at the BEC, the two senior employees had no idea of the organizational structure. Both the employees had no clear identity of the functions that were under their jurisdiction3. This problem faces many large corporations, therefore making it difficult to execute their project as required. However, it is important to outline the authorities, responsibilities, and restrictions of the project managers. This goes a long way in ensuring that similar communicational breakdowns are avoided in the future for corporations. The major challenge that the BEC had was the lack of communication. When Mr. Yang and Ms. Song got onto the project, they assumed to understand their duties. In difficult situations, each failed to consult the other to comprehend the magnitude of the problem. As a result, the two employees endured poor working relationships. Existence of hierarchy in the management of projects was another problem that

Juveniles in the US Criminal Justice System

Juveniles in the US Criminal Justice System The juvenile court system has been in existence since 1899 (Kerbs, n.d.). Although this does not show how long juvenile crimes have been taking place, it does give one a glimpse into how long juvenile crime has been taken to courts. Politically, both sides of the spectrum; liberals as well as conservatives are calling for the abolition of the juvenile courts jurisdiction over delinquency adjudications (Kerbs, n.d.). Sadly, crimes that juveniles are committing have become more violent including rape and murder and although they are still, in fact children, they must still be punished for their crime. In most cases, a child who is over the age of 13 and commits a crime of that magnitude will be tried in an adult court. The one thing that needs to be remembered is that children are children, not adults. A possibility remains that children can be rehabilitated into becoming more productive members of society once they have gone through some sort of rehabilitation process. of course, ther e is always the exception to that rule when children just do not care and want to continue living a bad life and committing crimes. Adults have already gotten set in their ways and the chances of rehabilitating them are not as great as that of a child. Comparison between juvenile and adult courts Some differences between the two types of courts are the terminology used in each. For juveniles, they commit an act of delinquency whereas adults commit a crime (Misha, 2006). Differences in background are another way that the two courts can be distinguished. When considering the juvenile case, the courts look at both the students academic and family background. In adult courts, these issues are not considered when the adult is on trial (Misha, 2006). Juvenile courts look at rehabilitation efforts for the child who committed the delinquency. Adult courts focus more on the fact that the adult committed a crime and the community in which he or she lives or committed that crime does not approve of that crime and think the individual needs to be punished accordingly (Misha, 2006). Juveniles are not arrested but taken into custody. Adults are simply arrested. Adults are indicted and juveniles have petitions filed against them. Juvenile courts must either agree to a finding or deny the pe tition. Adults have to enter a plea of guilty, not guilty, or no contest. Juvenile courts have an adjustment made. In adult courts, this is also called plea bargaining (Misha, 2006). Juvenile courts will decide if the child should go to a detention facility or childcare center; adults who are facing due process are either sent to jail or sent back to jail (Misha, 2006). Similarities are present between the two as well. Both juveniles and adults have a right to get counsel to represent them in court. Both have a right to cross-examine and also to confront witnesses. They have the right to be protected against self-incrimination and a right to be advised of the charges pending against them. Last, the prosecution in both types of courts must show proof that the defendant is guilty beyond a reasonable doubt before the defendant can be convicted. Implications of Juveniles in Adult Courts There are times when judges will remand a juvenile to an adult court, depending on the severity of the crime that has been committed, including rape and murder. This is called waiving jurisdiction, and it also depends on some other factors such as the age of the juvenile, and whether or not the court feels that the juvenile can be rehabilitated (Steinberg, 2000). In some states, a juvenile court judge must waive jurisdiction for certain offenses if probable cause exists that the juvenile committed the offense (Steinberg, 2000). other states have a presumption waiver in which the juvenile will be transferred to criminal court, when it is presumed appropriate. If the juvenile can prove that he or she should be in a juvenile rehabilitation program, then they will not get a presumption waiver (Steinberg, 2000). The judge will make that final decision, but the juvenile must be the one to prove it. Direct File, which is also known as Prosecutorial Discretion, exists in some jurisdictions and the prosecutor who uses his or her own discretion can file charges either in a juvenile or criminal court (Steinberg, 2000). Statutory Exclusion, which is also known as Legislative Exclusion, Mandatory Transfer, or Automatic Transfer, there are certain categories under which the juvenile can be excluded automatically from juvenile court. This exclusion is determined by a combination of age and offense (Steinberg, 2000). In some states there is a reverse waiver where a criminal court judge can waive a case to juvenile court based on various characteristics of the offender and the offense (Steinberg, 2000). In some states like New York, juveniles who are age 16 or 17 will automatically be tried in a criminal court because the juvenile court jurisdiction ends at age 15, and this is not considered a transfer. More cases are being transferred to adult courts because the list of cases being tried are growing, approximately one-third of those cases are for non-violent offenses like robbery or drugs, and there are a larger number of black and Hispanic offenders transferred than white offenders, even when they have committed the same type of crime (Steinberg, 2000). The problem that exists in this area is that there are many cases being tried in adult courts for children who are too young to really and fully understand the consequences behind their actions. The punishments they are being given are the same as adults and this does not sound like a fair deal. Punishments that are handed down to these juveniles in the adult courts should be done so with the understanding of the juvenile that they know what they have done is wrong and they can accept the consequences of their actions (Steinberg, 2000). The age of the offender needs to be taken into account and the judicial system certainly needs to realize that some juveniles, even at the age of 17, may not be emotionally mature enough to have this understanding. Societal Implications of Abolishing Juvenile Court If juvenile courts are taken away, there will be more juveniles sent to adult prisons and given much harsher sentences and punishments than they should really get. It is crucial for the U.S. to keep these courts alive and active. Sending juveniles to adult prisons can make their lives much worse, and the chances of them being rehabilitated and becoming better citizens will be reduced greatly because of the things that can happen to them in prison and the things they will learn in prison. Children should not be housed with adults who are career criminals and have spent the better part of their lives doing bad things, hurting people and stealing. No one wants their children to end up like that. It is likely that society will not allow this to happen, but if citizens and law makers alike do not fight it, abolishing juvenile courts can become a reality.

The Three Little Users and the Big Bad Wolf Essay examples -- Creative

The Three Little Users and the Big Bad Wolf Once upon a time, there were three little computer users of three different professions and the time came for them to leave home and seek their fortunes. The first little user with the screen name LiLestPiggy, the youngest, bought his computer at the local chain computer store CompUSA, and had just recently installed a modem so he could surf the net. Email being the primary reason for the use of his computer, LiLestPiggy purchased a computer with the most basic set up. He was planning to surf the web and play games online, pursuing a job as an English teacher at the nearby elementary school. It was the most basic set up for a beginner. The second little user with the screen name LiLPiggy, the middle of the three, bought a laptop, installed Norton Anti-Virus, and installed a cable modem to insure a fast and safe internet connection. He was planning to pursue a business job so he needed a fast and safe computer. The third little user with the screen name of IllestPiggy, the eldest of three, built his own computer, installing several Anti-Virus programs and setting up a firewall and top-notch secret government security devices. A firewall protects your network from unwanted Internet traffic. The primary functions of a firewall are to let good traffic pass through while ‘bad’ traffic is blocked. The most important part of a firewall is its access control features that distinguish between good and bad traffic. One night, a hacker with the screen name BigBadWolf, who dearly loved to ruin little pigs lives, was out and about. The BigBadWolf instant messaged (IM’ed) LiLestPiggy who has the most basic internet connection. The BigBadWolf said, â€Å"Hello, I was wondering if ... ...estions brought up was whether the government should take action and patrol cyberspace for possible dangers. Some of the blame of the extensive abuse of the First Amendment can be pointed at the government. However, cyberspace is a place for people to act as they wish and speak freely, unless it would be breaking the first amendment of freedom of speech. If the government took action, there would most likely be conflict and it would be a big deal. In conclusion, hackers have tremendous power to cause trouble due to the unlimited resources and possibilities of the internet. Although they are capable of trouble, most hackers create viruses because of the purposes of it being challenging and entertaining. In this case, the government should step in and regulate cyberspace to a certain degree. We cannot let people commit crime and let them get away with it.